The Malaysia Agreement of 1963 is a subject of controversy, primarily because of the complex historical and political context surrounding it. The agreement was signed by the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore, with the intention of forming the new Federation of Malaysia. The status of the Agreement has recently been recognised in an amendment to the Malaysian Constitution, and remains a contentious issue, as different parties hold varying perspectives on its intentions, outcomes, and implications. The controversy revolves around issues of autonomy, resource distribution, political representation, and historical grievances, which continue to shape debates and discussions about the nature and future of federation in Malaysia. This one-day symposium aims to critically examine some of the key issues and controversies surrounding the Malaysia Agreement, such as concerns over federal power, resource distribution and protection of the rights and interests of indigenous peoples in Sabah and Sarawak.