Exception 4 to Section 300 of the Penal Code has had an interesting history. For many years, it remained shrouded in mystery, at least in the local context, in that there were not many illustrations as to how the Singapore courts would apply the Exception to a give fact situation. Even after the pronouncements of the Privy Council in Mohamed Kunjo v PP [ 1978] 1 MLJ 51, there were not many cases where the Singapore courts had the opportunity to follow up on the lead of the Privy Council. However, after the case of PP v Seow Khoon Kwee [1989] 2 MLJ 100, there has been a deluge of cases in which the courts have had the opportunity to apply sudden fight. This article attempts to scrutinise the local cases in order to determine the corpus juris with regard to sudden fight in Singapore.

The crucial role that examination of witnesses plays in the determination of the weight of oral evidence in criminal proceedings has traditionally been hampered by excessive application of the hearsay rule and the rule against narrative, both of which to a greater or lesser extent, preclude access by the trier of fact to previous statements of the witness being examined which may shed valuable light on the veracity of his testimony in court. This article defends the law in Singapore permitting more liberal reliance on a witness's previous statements and argues that the liberalisation in the law can be taken further. The relevance of probabilistic reasoning in weight determination is also discussed and the article argues that probabilistic reasoning in weight determination should not be conflated with probabilistic reasoning in the determination of the standard of proof of guilt.

In recent years, the English courts have reached seemingly contradictory decisions with respect to the rights of convicted prisoners to sue for false imprisonment when they are detained beyond their proper release date. This article examines those decisions- focusing, in particular, on the most recent case in this area- and concludes that, as the law currently stands, the rules governing this aspect of tort law are both arbitrary and unfair. The article also considers the likelihood or otherwise of actions by similarly aggrieved prisoners succeeding in Singapore.

This article analyses the approach taken by Singapore's criminal and family laws when a child is taken away by one parent without consent of the other parent to another jurisdiction. International efforts to ameliorate the difficulties faced by the left-behind parent in tracing the whereabouts of the child and obtaining his or her return come in the form of the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Although Singapore is not a party to the Convention, signs of its acceptance in spirit can be seen in a recently decided case. It is argued however, that accepting the Convention is not enough on its own, and a thorough review of Singapore's criminal and family laws, which have hitherto developed separately, is needed to ensure that they speak with one voice and accord children the protection that they deserve

The decision of the House of Lords in Murphyv. Brentwood District Council marks a significant retreat from previos authority concerning the scope of the duty of care in negligence by limiting the scope of recovery for loss which is classified as economic in nature. This article focusses on one important issue left unanswered by the case, that of how to draw the distinction between property damage and economic loss, the answer to which may determine the outcome of litigation.

This article examines the increasing use of judicial review under administrative law by corporate entities in Singapore to protect or even to assert strategic business interests. When used effectively, commercial judicial review can be a powerful tool. It considers why such a trend has arisen and the implications for public law litigation. The backdrop of the Attorney-General (Additional Functions) Act is also considered. The article argues that judicial review is increasingly an important consideration for companies seeking to protect their interests against what they regard as unfair or unlawful government or regulatory actions. It suggests that private sector entities in embracing public law litigation would also do well to also support administrative law values such as legality, fairness, and accountability.

The writer argues that tracing claims, whether at law or equity, are restitutionary in nature, and a restitutionary framework can be used to rationalize this area of the law. In consequence, the threshold for tracing in equity and some of the received learning on common law tracing require re-examination, and the divergent outcomes at law and equity after a successful tracing exercise should be rationalized. In addition, the restitutionary liability of the agent who receives a bribe and the recipient who claims from such an agent is explicable on tracing principles.

The practice of the local courts in relation to provocation as a partial defence to murder has hitherto been to follow the developments of the defence in English law. This article seeks to examine some of the recent developments from England and other parts of the Commonwealth, assess the current state of our law in Singapore, and discuss whether these developments ought to be followed locally.

The introduction of the limited liability partnership (LLP) into UK law has taken place against the backdrop of two fundamental law reform projects-one on company law which is currently being considered by the Government and one on partnerships and limited partnerships which is being conducted by the Law Commissions of England and Wales and Scotland-but oddly without reference to or by either. This article considers the unusual gestation process and resulting legal regulation and structure of the LLP against this background of law reform. It also considers whether the LLP will be used and/or is useable-in particular as a vehicle for obtaining immunity for members of the professions from direct or vicarious liability for negligent misstatements; whether the internal structure will be suitable for small businesses; and whether an appropriate creditor/member balance has been achieved. The article then considers some aspects of partnership law reform generally, welcoming the proposals for legal personality, continuity of association and simplification of the definition of a partnership. It suggests revisions to the proposals on contemplated partnerships, the effects of a repudiatory breach on a partnership agreement and the interaction of potentially conflicting fiduciary duties if legal personality is introduced. Finally it suggests a new approach to the law on the liability of innocent partners for the accessory liability of one partner incurred in connection with the firm's activities.

This article explores how defamation jurisprudence in Singapore has elevated the political public figure to an exalted position, virtually according the reputation of these honourable men, or junzi, heightened protection over the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech. It takes the position that there are sufficient bases for the Reynolds v. Times Newspapers Ltd. privilege (the Reynolds privilege) to be adopted under Singapore common law, independent of any reliance on art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It further argues that courts in Singapore ought to draw on relevant English and Australian jurisprudence, and consider a broader qualified privilege defence in defamation suits involving political public figures. The author concludes that the common law of qualified privilege in Singapore should be reviewed to take into account a multi-factorial approach when examining whether greater leeway may be accorded to citizen comments on public officials and public policy that are relevant to good government and good governance.