{"id":34305,"date":"2024-07-18T06:55:28","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T06:55:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/?page_id=34305"},"modified":"2024-09-03T08:19:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T08:19:19","slug":"journal-result","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/journal-result\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal Result"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"SJLS-logo-2\" src=\"http:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2024\/07\/SJLS-logo-2.png\" alt=\"SJLS-logo-2\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2>SINGAPORE JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES<\/h2>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"transparent\" src=\"http:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2024\/07\/transparent.png\" alt=\"transparent\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" title=\"transparent\" src=\"http:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2024\/07\/transparent.png\" alt=\"transparent\" \/><\/p>\r\n<div id=\"\" 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value=\"1964\" >1964<\/option><option value=\"1963\" >1963<\/option><option value=\"1962\" >1962<\/option><option value=\"1961\" >1961<\/option><option value=\"1960\" >1960<\/option><option value=\"1959\" >1959<\/option><\/select><\/div><div class=\"form-input-submit form-input\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"from_month\" value=\"\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"to_month\" value=\"\" \/><input type=\"submit\" name=\"btn-submit\" id=\"ws-law-journal-btn-submit\" value=\"Search\" \/><\/div><\/form><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"custom-breadcrumbs\"><ul><li class=\"item-home\"><i class=\"fas fa-home\"><\/i><a class=\"bread-link bread-home\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\" title=\"\"><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\r\n<p><div id=\"\" class=\"ws-law-journal-title-container \"><div id=\"ws-law-journal-title\" class=\"ws-law-journal-title\"><h2>Search Result<\/h2><\/div><\/div><div id=\"\" class=\"ws-law-journal-type-container \"><div class=\"ws-law-journal-pretext\">By Type:<\/div><div id=\"ws-law-journal-type\" class=\"ws-law-journal-type\"><a href=\" https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/journal-result\/?publication_type=1-article\" class=\"journal-type-link \" id=\"journal-type-1-article\">Article<\/a><a href=\" https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/journal-result\/?publication_type=3-book-review\" class=\"journal-type-link \" id=\"journal-type-3-book-review\">Book Review<\/a><a href=\" https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/journal-result\/?publication_type=2-case-and-legislation-notes\" class=\"journal-type-link \" id=\"journal-type-2-case-and-legislation-notes\">Case and Legislation Notes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"ws-journal-list-container \"><ul class=\"ws-journal-list\"><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Special Feature: Intellectual Property and Technology\u2013 Part 2: Preface<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">David Tan<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-4<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">This is Part 2 of a two-part edition of the Singapore Journal of Legal Studies that features a selection of peer-reviewed papers from the \u201cIntellectual Property and Technology in the 21st Century: Challenges in the Next Decade\u201d conference that was attended by almost 100 leading legal scholars, policymakers and industry experts from around the world in August 2025 in Singapore.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_Pref_DT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Special Feature: Intellectual Property and Technology\u2013 Part 2: The Positive Impact of Technology on Copyright\u2019s Negative Space in the Fashion industry<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">David Tan<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-21<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">Copyright\u2019s \u201cnegative space\u201d is an area in which creation and innovation can thrive without significant protection from copyright law, and the fashion industry is one such paradigmatic example. The rapid development of technology \u2013 especially with the accelerating use of generative artificial intelligence in the creation of artistic works \u2013 is resulting in the increasing expansion of this negative space. Copying appears to be <i>de rigueur<\/i> in the fashion industry, and manifests itself on a spectrum that spans permissible referencing to tolerated fast fashion knockoffs to illegal counterfeiting. This article explores how the fashion industry nonetheless will continue to thrive in the next decade, and how designers may harness the myriad technological tools available to them to positively enhance their creations in this negative space.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_DT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Special Feature: Intellectual Property and Technology\u2013 Part 2: Sufficiency of Disclosure and AI-Related Inventions<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Jia Wang<\/span> <span class=\"content-author-text\">Mingyue Xu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-30<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">Sufficiency of disclosure in patent law serves as a threshold requirement, linking private reward to public benefit. This article argues that AI-related inventions expose a structural tension within sufficiency doctrine, particularly where formal legal enablement diverges from practical reproducibility and knowledge dissemination. While existing doctrines of enablement, plausibility, and possession remain conceptually coherent, their application to data-dependent and opaque AI technologies may validate disclosures that are legally sufficient but practically irreproducible.\r\nBuilding on a distinction between Core AI and Applied AI, this article shows that disclosure challenges arise most acutely in Applied AI, where technical effects depend on training data, training methods, model configuration, or trained model states. Through a comparative analysis of the UK, EU, US, Singapore, and China, it develops a context-sensitive, reproducibility-oriented approach to sufficiency without requiring AI-specific legal tests.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_JWMX.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Special Feature: Intellectual Property and Technology\u2013 Part 2: Artificial Intelligence and Trade Mark Registration: what\u2019s next for the human decision-maker?<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Michael Handler<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-25<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used by trade mark offices around the world. Offices are developing and making available AI-based \u201cpre-clearance\u201d tools that are designed to provide automated \u201cassessments\u201d of whether applications for trade mark registration are likely to face obstacles in examination. This article considers some fundamental questions about such AI-based tools, working on the assumption that offices will continue to invest in them and consider placing greater reliance on their output. It explores some general, rule-of-law-based concerns which such tools raise, as well as more specific problems with the operation of these tools in the context of the trade mark registration system. These problems include the fact that such tools are unable to replicate what we demand from human assessors applying complex, multi-factorial and subjective legal tests, and that the \u201cdata\u201d on which such tools are likely to be trained may include decisions that are flawed, erroneous, or based on reasoning that has been overturned.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_MH.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Special Feature: Intellectual Property and Technology\u2013 Part 2: Vicarious Artificial Authorship<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Shyamkrishna Balganesh<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Constructive Trusts: From Confusion to Clarity<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Ying Khai Liew<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-16<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">Constructive trusts occupy a unique and powerful position in common law. They are one of equity\u2019s most potent tools for resolving property disputes. At the same time, the incremental and siloed way in which constructive trust doctrines have developed has generated significant confusion, both in their internal rationales and in their cross\u2011border applications. This article argues that, by approaching constructive trusts systematically \u2013 starting with a clear definition that distinguishes them from express and resulting trusts; analysing them as replicative, reflective or transformative constructive trusts; and then applying that analytical framework to the institutional and remedial constructive trust debate, as well as to choice of law matters \u2013 we can begin clearly to see patterns and principles that were previously obscured.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_LYK.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Finfluencers: A Tiered Framework for Proportionate Regulation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Kho Feng Ming<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-39<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">The rise of finfluencers has exposed a regulatory blind spot in financial markets. While licensed advisers remain governed by established statutes, a growing class of unlicensed actors now dispense investment guidance with reach but without responsibility. This article proposes a Refined Tiered Regulatory Framework comprising four levels: Tier 1 preserves the existing position of licensed advisers; Tiers 2A and 2B impose tailored obligations on finfluencers who, respectively, guide or influence financial decisions; and Tier 3 exempts casual commentators who steer clear of inducement or compensation. Drawing from a comparative analysis on selected jurisdictions, the article advocates a functional, risk-sensitive model that aligns oversight with actual influence. By combining registration thresholds, platform accountability, and cross-border enforcement, the Framework ensures that those who sway investment behaviour are subject to law, while those who merely opine remain free to do so.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_KFM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Lost in Translation: Reflections on Participating in Japanese Language Moots<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Alan K Koh<\/span> <span class=\"content-author-text\">Samantha S Tang<\/span> <span class=\"content-author-text\">Karen Lee<\/span> <span class=\"content-author-text\">Kenshi Yanagisawa<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-33<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">Legal advocacy is difficult enough in one\u2019s native language. Conducting oral submissions in Japanese \u2013 a language with distinct honorific registers, grammatical structures, and legal terminology \u2013 presents an exceptional challenge for native English speakers. Yet it is precisely this challenge that makes Japanese-language mooting a valuable site for legal education in Singapore. Writing as two coaches and two student participants, this article presents our collective reflections on Japanese language mooting at the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore from 2023 to 2025. This article makes three contributions. First, it provides an in-depth account of Japanese language mooting as a site for multilingual legal education in Singapore. Second, it demonstrates which aspects of legal skills training prove most valuable for multilingual legal practice. Finally, it examines the use of generative artificial intelligence (\u201cAI\u201d) tools for legal translation.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_AKST.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Fiduciary Duties of Managers in Retail ESG Funds<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Tan Wanting Megan<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-23<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">This article examines whether the fiduciary obligations imposed on managers of retail ESG funds constituted as unit trusts in Singapore are a meaningful constrain on managerial discretion. While fund managers market dual objectives: financial return and environmental and social (\u201cES\u201d) goals, the separation of ownership and control and the diluted trustee\u2019s duty to supervise seemingly allows managers to subordinate ES commitments, leaving a remedial gap for investors. This article proposes a typology of deeds and presents nuances in the \u201cpurpose duty\u201d which varies depending on objective constraints in the deed. It argues that managers are either trustees or, at minimum, owe a fact-based fiduciary duty to act in line with the trust\u2019s purposes. It further argues that knowing deviation from articulated purposes is not excludable for professional fiduciaries. The unit-trust form offers a calibrated pathway preserving flexibility while enabling retail investors to enforce ES aligned governance through fiduciary remedies.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_TWTM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"ws-journal-content\"><div class=\"content-container\"><div class=\"content-type\"><span class=\"content-type-link\">Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-title\"><h3>Revisiting the Severance of Joint Tenancies in the Land Titles Act<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"content-authors\"><span class=\"content-author-text\">Teo Keang Sood<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-first-view\"><span class=\"content-first-view-text\">First view: [Sep 2026 Online] Sing JLS 1-10<\/span><\/div><div class=\"content-abstract\"><button class=\"button-abstract\">Abstract <span class=\"button-abstract-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"abstract\">This paper examines the interplay between statutory severance and equity on joint tenancies in the Land Titles Act 1993. It is argued that the severance, effected by way of statute or in equity, must, first and foremost, align with the objective of providing certainty in registered land dealings in the Singapore Torrens system. Further, the severance must not be inconsistent with the intention of Parliament as reflected in the LTA. Notwithstanding the requirement of registration for severance in the LTA, the various modes of severance in equity as laid down in <i>Williams v Hensman<\/i> are not ousted by the LTA as they still have a role to play in appropriate circumstances in respect of registered land.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"content-pdf\"><a class=\"button-pdf-link\" href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2026\/05\/FV_A_TKS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"button-pdf-icon\"><\/span> PDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ws-listing-pagination-cont\"><div class=\"ws-listing-pagination\"><span class=\"pagination first-paging\">First<\/span><span class=\"pagination prev-paging\"><i class=\"dashicons dashicons-arrow-left-alt2\"><\/i><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/journal-result\/?paged=1\" class=\"pagination num-paging current-paging\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/law.nus.edu.sg\/sjls\/journal-result\/?paged=2\" class=\"pagination num-paging 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